Magawo apano a mayendedwe a satana – ma frequency ndi transponders

Спутниковое ТВ

Zaposachedwa kwambiri pakuyika ma satellite TV 2022 – ma frequency ndi transponders. Pawailesi yakanema kuchokera ku ma satelayiti, kusintha kumachitika nthawi zonse. Choncho, kutayika kwa njira zoulutsira mawu si zachilendo. Nthawi zambiri imatha ndi kuyimbira foni kwa chochunira kapena kutumiza wolandila ku ntchitoyo. Zifukwa zazikulu:

  • kuwulutsa kusinthira ku transponder ina, chifukwa chofala;
  • kusintha kwa maziko olipidwa, kawirikawiri amachenjezedwa pasadakhale;
  • kusintha kwa satellite ina kumadziwitsidwa chimodzimodzi;
  • zovuta pa satellite, m’mbiri ya milandu yakutali.

Magawo apano a mayendedwe a satana - ma frequency ndi transponders

Satellite, transponders ndi makanema apawailesi yakanema achilankhulo cha Chirasha kuyambira Julayi 2022 (Ku ndi C band)

Amos Satellite 37 4º W d.

Transponder frequency polarization Mtengo wapatali wa magawo SR FEC Channel Mtundu Coding  
Chernomorskaya TV
Ukraine: Transcarpathia 10 06 10 26 11 07 13 2B ID:3
Bizinesi yoyamba
     11140H DVB S Molunjika MPEG2
30000 TV yeniyeni
34 Ukraine Donbass
chikhalidwe 10 06 10 26 11 07 12 29 ID 009 10 06 26 11 07 12 29 ID:9
Channel 5
NES
Provence
ICTV
Eco TV
njira 24
4 channel
     11175H DVB S2 Molunjika MPEG2
30000 Ukraine Crimea
34 UA Choyamba 10 06 10 26 11 07 11 29 ID:D
New Odessa
njira 12
Galicia
Choyamba Western
wokondwa
kubadwanso
     12341H DVB S2 Boutique TV MPEG2
17900 8 channel
34 Telesvit
Maliyatko TV
PE Info

Amosi 7 ndi Amosi 3 TV yowulutsa mizati imaphimba madera a Egypt, Middle East ndi Central Europe, motsatana. Beam Amosi 3, yokhala ndi mphamvu ya ma decibel 59 ku Hungary, Poland, m’gawo la Ukraine ndi Russia, imafooka mpaka 54 – 45 dB. Kuti mulandire zodalirika m’maiko otsiriza, ndi bwino kuyika tinyanga zokhala ndi mainchesi a 1.2. Zoyeserera zikuwonetsa kuti chifunga chambiri, mvula, ndi icing zimayambitsa kusokonekera kwa tinyanga tating’onoting’ono. Ngati kulandirira kwa mtengo kumasinthidwa ndi chosinthira chapakati, kuyika kwa 0.9 m ndikotheka. Njira iyi sikukulolani kuti mulandire Hotbird kuchokera ku 13º.

Astra 4A ndi SES 5 satellite pa 4.9º E. d.

Transponder frequency polarization Mtengo wapatali wa magawo SR FEC Channel Mtundu   Coding  
TV-1
Molunjika
Sirius
Channel 5 MPEG4 HD
    11747H DVB-S2 Apostrophe TV
30000 3/4 4 channel
Svarozhychi
Chapakati
TV 5
Zoryany
Donbass pa intaneti
SO TV
Wowunika
11766H DVB S2 30000 23 1+1 INTER MPEG4 SD 1A 2B 3C 00 4D 5E 6F 00 ID: 17ED
Zosokoneza
1+1 Verimatrix
1 + 1 HD
Quarter TV
         TET
Kuwonjezera Plus
ma curlers
2+2
     11766 yopingasa DVB S2 30000 23 1+1 International MPEG4 SD
Chofunika kwambiri Verimatrix
Comedy Ukraine
Nyumba ya dziko
Nyama
Sayansi
Zikho
Kanema wa UA Sewero
36.6 TV
Chofunika kwambiri
Channel Russia
Nicktoons Scandinavia
Unian TV
Epoch
11766H DVB S2 30000 23 Music Bokosi MPEG4 SD Verimatrix
Ulendo wa Yu
couscous
Terra
OTV (Ukraine)
Mkhristu Watsopano
    12073H DVB S Espresso
27500 Mawu MPEG2
34 Kalavani TV SD
Rozpack TV
wokondwa
Natalie
UNIAN TV
TV kunyumba
ICTV
12130V DVB S Inter + MPEG4
27500 1+1 yapadziko lonse lapansi SD
34 Ukraine 24

Astra 4A ndi SES 5 ali ndi chizindikiro chapamwamba kwambiri ku Ukraine, Russia ndi England, motsatira. Level 51 – 47 dB imalola kugwiritsa ntchito tinyanga kuchokera ku 0,9 m.

Hotbird 13B 13C 13E pa 13º mkati. D.

Transponder frequency polarization Mtengo wapatali wa magawo SR FEC Channel Mtundu Coding
CNL Europe
10815 yopingasa DVB S 27500 5/6 TBN Russia MPEG 2 SD
euronews
TV Rus
RTR Planet
JWL
110934 V DVB S 2750034 Russia 24 MPEG2 SD
7d7 pa
NTV Mir
Mgwirizano
8 Channel International
11334 H DVB S 27500 3/4 kubadwanso Chithunzi cha MPEG2SD  
11727H DVB S2 2990034 Kupambana MPEG2 HD
12226V DVB S 27500 3/4 nthawi ino MPEG2 HD
nthawi ino MPEG2 SD
12322H DVB S 27500 3/4 Dziko la mwana MPEG2 SD Njira
Kanema wathu wokondedwa MPEG2 SD Njira
12520V DVB S2 27500 5/6 Mulungu wabwino TV MPEG2 SD
12597H DVB S 27500 3/4 Channel One ku Europe MPEG2 SD
Channel One ku Europe

Mulingo wazizindikiro wa 53 dB wa satelayiti ya Hotbird ukugwera ku Western Europe. Zimabwera ku Ukraine kufooka mpaka 48-46db. Pa gawo la Russia, kulandira ndi kotheka kumadera akumadzulo. Analimbikitsa mlongoti awiri kuchokera 1.2 m.

ECSPRESS AMU1 (Eutelsat 36ºC) pa 36.1ºE

Transponder Freg Pol Mtengo wapatali wa magawo SR FEC Channel Mtundu Coding
12174 L DVB S4340 3/4 TNV Tatarstan MPEG2 SD
12265 L DVB S 27500 3/4 Kugula moyo MPEG4 SD
12303L DVB S2 27500 34 Mgwirizano MPEG4 SD

Satellite ya ECSPRESS AMU1 imaphimba mbali yaku Europe ya Russia pa 36.1º. Chizindikiro ndi champhamvu 54db, mlongoti wa 0.9 m ndi wokwanira. Makanema aulere pama satellite AMOS 4W, ASTRA 4 8E, HOTBIRD 13E a 2022: https://youtu.be/8GlUYuC3ZJE

Yamal 601 pa 49º E. D. C osiyanasiyana

Russia 1 + 2h GoSTcrypt
3594 R T2-MI DVB-S2 Russia 24 MPEG4-
5120 3/4 OTR SD
Russia 1 (+2h) GoSTcrypt
3621 R T2-MI DVB-S2 Russia 24 MPEG-4
51303/4 OTR SD
Njira yoyamba GoSTcrypt
Mwangozi GoSTcrypt
3627 L Channel 5 MPEG-4
T2-MI 20580 5/6 Russia K SD
Carousel
TV Center
Russia 24
OTR
Russia 1 + 2h GoSTcrypt
Mtengo wa 3628R T2 MI DVB-S Russia 24 MPEG4/
25120 34 OTR SD
Njira yoyamba GoSTcrypt
Mwangozi!
3643R DVB-S2 NTV MPEG-4
T2-MI 152843/4 Channel 5 SD
Russia-K
Carousel b
TV Center
Russia 1 GoSTcrypt
Mtengo wa 3643R T2-MI DVB-S2 Russia 24 MPEG
152843/4 OTR 4/SD
Zithunzi za REN TV
3654 L T2-MI DVB-S2 20580 5/6 Spas TV njira MPEG-4/SD
Zithunzi za STS
Kunyumba
TV 3
Lachisanu!
TV Channel Zvezda
TNT
Muz TV
3663 R T2-MI DVB S2 15284 3/4 Zithunzi za REN TV MPEG-4/SD
Spas TV njira
Kunyumba
TV 3
Lachisanu!
TV Channel Zvezda
Dziko
TNT
Muz TV
Russia 1 GoSTcrypt
Mtengo wa 3698R T2-MI DVB-S2 5120 3/4 Russia 24 MPEG-4
OTR SD
Russia 1 GoSTcrypt
Mtengo wa 3704R T2-MI DVB-S2 Russia 24 MPEG-4
51303/4 KUCHOKERA R/SD
Njira yoyamba GoSTcrypt
Mwangozi!
3704L DVB S2 NTV MPEG-4
T2-MI 15284 34 Channel 5 SD
Russia K-
Carousel
TV Center
Russia 24
OTR
3743 L DVB S 34075 3/4 RTR Planet Asia MPEG-2/SD
3752 R DVB S3230 3/4 Mtengo wa TRK Rus MPEG-2/SD
Russia 1 GoSTcrypt
Mtengo wa 3782L T2MI DVB-S2 Russia 24+1h MPEG-4
51203/4 OTR SD
Russia 1 MPEG-4
3803 L T2-MI DVB-S2 Russia 24 SD
5130 34 OTR
Russia 1 GoSTcrypt
3822 L T2-MI DVB-S2 Russia 24 MPEG4
51303/4 OTR SD
3830R DVB S MPEG-4
1500 3/4 TRV Muzhi SD
Russia 1+2h GoSTcrypt
3857 R T2-MI DVB-S2 Russia 24 MPEG-4 GoSTcrypt
51303/4 OTR /SD
3858 L T2-MI Russia 10h GoSTcrypt
DVB-S2 Russia 24 MPEG
51203/4 OTR 4/SD
Russia 1 (0h GoSTcrypt
Chithunzi cha 3864 RT2-MI DVB-S2 Russia 24 MPEG-4
51303/4 OTR SD
GTRK Perm GoSTcrypt
Mtengo wa 3881R T2-MI DVB-S2 Russia 24 Perm MPEG
5130 3/4 OTR 4/SD
Russia 10h GoSTcrypt
Mtengo wa 3921R T2-MI DVB-S2 Russia 24 MPEG-4/
51203/4 OTR SD
Njira yoyamba GoSTcrypt
Mwangozi! GoSTcrypt
NTV
3977 L T2-MI DVB-S2 Channel 5 MPEG-4
152843/4 Russia-K S2
Carousel
TV Center
Mtengo wa 977 L4T2-MI Russia 1 (0h) GoSTcrypt
DVB-S2 Russia 24 MPEG-4/
15284 3/4 OTR SD
Russia 10h GoSTcrypt
Mtengo wa 4018L T2-MI DVB-S2 Russia 24 MPEG-4
5120 34 OTR
Express AM 6 ku 53o V.D.
Transponder Frequency Polarization Mtengo wapatali wa magawo SR FEC Channel Mtundu
10974 G DVBC 4850 34 Chigawo cha Samara MPEG2 SD
11161 V DVBS 2 212156 SEC Nadym MPEG2

Yamal 402 pa 55º E. D.

Transponder Frequency Polarization Mtengo wapatali wa magawo SR FEC Channel Mtundu LISS kodi
Loweruka+2
TNT
10875 V DVBS 2 SD 30000 34 2×2+2 MPEG4
Choyamba Crimea
Crimea 24
TV 41
Chithunzi cha DVBS2SD Loweruka+0
11265 V 30000 3/4 TNT+0
2h2+0
     Che AB C1 23 8F 45 67 89 34 ID:8
Che+2 AB C1 23 8F 45 67 89 35ID: B
Chikondi cha STS 12 34 56 9С 78 9A BC CEID:C
CTC Chikondi +2
Bingo Boom1 16 90 37 DD 27 84 03 AE
11345V DVBS 23000 34 Bingo Boom2 16 90 37 DD 27 84 03 AE
Bingo Boom3 16 90 37 DD 27 84 03 AE
Bingo Boom4 16 90 37 DD 27 84 03 AE
Bingo Boom5 16 90 37 DD 27 84 03 AE
Bingo Boom6 62 69 6E 39 67 6F 73 49
Loweruka+2 MPEG4
TNT4+2
2×2+2
7tv-R
moyo 62 69 6E 39 67 6F 73 49 ID 1…6
Disney + 2 6B 1A E5 F1 74BB CA F9ID:2
Yu+2
12522 V DVBS2 TV 41 Shchelkovo MPEG4
Choyamba Crimea
Crimea 24
NTV
Channel Five
12635 V DVBS2 Chikhalidwe cha Russia  T2MI
Russia 1
30000 3/4 Carousel
TV Center
Russia 24
OTR
DVBS2 Russia 24 N2MI
12649 V 5120 34 OTR
5 Channel +0
DVBS2 Russia K+0 T2MI
12674 V 15284 34 Carousel+0
TV Center +0
Russia 24
NTV
Onetsani TV +0
Zosungidwa
STS+0
Kunyumba +0
12694 V DVBS2 TV 3+0
15284 34 Lachisanu! +0 T2MI
Nyenyezi+0
Dziko 24
TNT+0
Muz TV+0
12706 V Chithunzi cha DSVBS2 Dziko 24 MPEG4
2828 3/4 Moscow 24
12714 V DVBS2 Russia 24 Sochi MPEG4
10260 OTR

Satellite ya Yamal 402 imakhudza mbali yaku Europe ya Russia komanso ku Western Siberia. Chizindikiro champhamvu 51db, chimakulolani kuti mulandire tinyanga 0.9 m.

Onetsani AT1 pa 56º E.D.

Transponder Frequency Polarization Mtengo wapatali wa magawo SR FEC Channel Mtundu Coding
Mtengo wa 12284R DVBS 27500 3/4 kukuwa MPEG4
TV yachigawo
Mystery TV

Kudzera mu setilaiti ya Express AT1, mapaketi osungidwa a Tricolor Siberia ndi NTV kuphatikiza Vostok akuwulutsidwa. Antenna kuchokera 90 cm.

ABC 2 pa 75º E. D.

Transponder Frequency Polarization Mtengo wapatali wa magawo SR FEC Channel Mtundu Coding
Torre Rica
angelo atatu
10985 H DVB S2 35007, ¾ San Porto MPEG4
Galu ndi mphaka
Moscow
Kaleidoscope TV
Moscow 24
TDK
11040H DVB S2 35000 3/4 UDAR MPEG4 HD
JWL
  Disney 6B A1 E5 F1 74BB CA F9 / ID:0640
RT Doc HD
TV uwu
11473V DVB-S2 22500, ¾ Nano MPEG4
TBN Russia
Dziko 24
Dziko +4
Dziko
Mwanaalirenji
dziko la akavalo
Mwanaalirenji
Mzere wofiira
LDPR TV
11490 V DVB-S 7500 3/4 Padziko lonse lapansi HD MPEG4
Dziko 24 HD
Mafunso Mayankho
Wathanzi TV
Ziweto
Retro
Zoo
Psychology
11531 V DVB-S 222000 ¾ Chiyembekezo   MPEG4
Ru TV  
Dothi TV
RTG TV
Match Planet
Loweruka +0
Mutu wathu
Mtengo wa TNT4
Greater Asia
Kinosat
Ru TV
Mutu wathu
11559V DVB-S2 22000 ¾ Greater Asia MPEG4
TV yapakati
Loweruka +2
TRO
11605 V 43200 7/8 TNT4 +2 Mpeg4
Russia Today
Yambitsani TV
2×2 +2
Kino anakhala
11665 V DVBS 44922, 5/6 Belarus 24 MPEG2
11920 V DVB-S2 45000, 2/3 Info Channel MTS
Shayan TV
Pamodzi RF
12160 V DVB-S2 45000, 2/3 TNV Planet MPEG4
Mgwirizano
Kanema wa TV wa 360° HD
Yenisei
Yugra
Mus Union
8 Channel
Kusaka ndi kusodza
nyumba
Kanema wa TV wa 360° HD
Yendetsani
Nambala
TV Channel 360 °
360 Nkhani
kugula moyo
Onetsani TV
12653V DVB-S2 35007, 2/3 dziko lotseguka MPEG4
Kugunda kwa Bridge
Bridge Mwatsopano
Bridge
Bridge Russkiy Hit

Gulu lodziwika la ma satellite atatu a ABS 2 pa 75º amawulutsa siginecha yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 52 dB pafupifupi dera lonse la CIS. Popeza kufunika kolandira ma satelayiti atatu omwe ali ndi pakati pa mbale yoyikidwa ku 85º, m’mimba mwake yomwe mukufuna ndi 1.2 m.

Intelsat 15 Horizons 2 pa 85.2° E

Transponder Frequency Polarization Mtengo wapatali wa magawo SR FEC Channel Mtundu Coding
Mgwirizano
miyala yamtengo wapatali
8 Channel
11720H DVB S2 28800 3/4 Yu-TV MPEG4
TNT nyimbo
CTC Chikondi
Muz TV
Onetsani TV
11760H DVB S2 28800 2/3 Katun 24 MPEG4
O2TV
11920H DVB-S2 28800 2/3 njira 12 MPEG4
11960 N DVB-S2 28800 3/5 kupambana kwanu MPEG4
Gulani & Onetsani
12040H DVB-S2 28800 3/4 Dziko 24 MPEG4
Leomax +
Zhara TV
12080H DVB-S2 28800 2/3 Kutsatsa (Moscow) MPEG4
12120H DVB S 288002/3 TV World Belogorya MPEG2
12560V DVB S30000 5/6 Vostok TV MPEG2
Telecard Info Channel
12640 V DVB S30000 5/6 Russia MPEG2
Leomax 24

Miyendo ya ma satelayiti Intelsat15 ndi Horizons 2 kuchokera ku 85º imaphimba gawo lonse la CIS kupatula ku Far East kwa Russia. Mphamvu yayikulu ya 52 dB ya radiation imagwera kumadera a Urals. Mlongoti wa 0.9 m ndi wokwanira pano.

Yamal 401 pa 90.0° E

Transponder Frequency Polarization Mtengo wapatali wa magawo SR FEC Channel Mtundu Coding
11240V DVB-S2 2740 3/4 RZD TV HD MPEG4
Russian Music Bokosi
Leomax 24
    Disney +7 6B A1 E5 F1 74BB CA
Yu +7
Leomax+7
11265H DVB-S2 30000 3/4 Che +7 MPEG4 AB C1 23 8F 45 67 89 35
Channel 7 +4
Chanson TV
8 channel
Chikondi cha STS +4
Onetsani TV
Choyamba Crimea
TNT nyimbo
TNT4 +4
2×2 +4
Che +4 AB C1 23 8F 45 67 89 35
Nkhani
11385H DVB-S2 30000 3/4 Loweruka +4 MPEG4
Kazakh TV HD
Khabar 24 HD
11481H DVB S 2052 7/8 Mapira MPEG2
Yamal Region Tazovsky
Yamal Region Aksarka
Yamal Region Muzhi
11487 V DVB S 210445 3/4 Yamal Region Nadym MPEG2
Yamal Region Krasnoselye
Yamal Region Tarko-Sale
Yamal Region Salekhard
Kuzbass-1 Efir  
11495H DVB-S2 4067 3/4 Kuzbass-1 Chingwe MPEG4
Kuzbass -1 HD
11504H DVB S2 2083 3/4 Amur TV Mpeg4
11568V DVB S2 3200 2/3 Yugra Mpeg4
11649H DVB S2 2170, 3/4 OTV Primorye MPEG4
12655 V DVB S2 3375 34 BST (Bashkir TV MPEG4
12265 V Kulira TV
Yamal 40190 pa Xi range n
Mtengo wa 3605R DVBS 2626 3/4 Siberia MPEG2 SD
Njira yoyamba (+8h) GoSTcrypt
Mwangozi GoSTcrypt
NTV+7
5 Channel + 7
RussiaK+7
Carousel +8
3640 R T2-MI DVB-S2 15285 3/4 TV Center Far East MPEG4 SD
Russia 1+8 GoSTcrypt
Russia 24
OTR
Loweruka+7
TNT4+7
Leomax24+7
2×2 pa
3645 L DVB C 28000 3/4 Kugula moyo MPEG4/SD
Gulani ndikuwonetsa
Russia 24+4
3675 L T2-MI DVB-S2 51203/4 OTP+4 MPEG-4 SD
Russia 1 + 4h GoSTcrypt
3675 R DVB-S 17500 3/4 Chimwemwe changa MPEG2 SD
Russia 1+4
Mtengo wa 3681RT2MI 5130 34 Russia 24+4 MPEG4 SD
OTP+4
Njira yoyamba +8h GoSTcrypt
Mwangozi! GoSTcrypt
NTV + 7h
Njira 5 + 7h
3704 L T2-MI DVB-S2 15285 3/4 Russia K+7h MPEG-4/SD
Carousel + 7h
TV Center Far East
Russia 1 GoSTcrypt
3704L   DVB-S2 15285 3/4 Russia 24 MPEG4 SD
OTR
Channel One+9 GoSTcrypt
Mwangozi! GoSTcrypt
Njira 5 + 7h
NTV + 7h
3726 L T2-MI DVB-S2 15285 3/4 Russia Mpaka +7h MPEG4 SD
Carousel + 7h
TV Center Far East
Russia 1 + 9h GoSTcrypt
3726 L T2-MI DVB-S2 15285 3/4 Russia 24 MPEG-4/SD
OTR
Onetsani TV +4
3728 R N2 MI DVB S2 15284 34 Spas TV njira MPEG4 SD
STS + 4h
Nyumba +4
TV 3+4
Lachisanu!
TV Channel Zvezda +4
Dziko +4
TNT +4
Muz TV
Spas TV njira
STS +7
REN TV +7
3747 L T2-MI   DVB-S2 15285 3/4 Nyumba +7 MPEG-4/SD
TV 3 +7
Lachisanu! + 7
TV Channel Zvezda+7
Dziko +7
TNT +7
Muz TV +7
3761 L T2-MI DVB-S 5130 3/4 Russia 1+8h MPEG-4/SD GoSTcrypt
Russia 24
OTR
3780 L T2 MI DVB-S 31503/4 OTV Sakhalin MPEG-2/SD
Russia 1+8 GoSTcrypt
3785 L T2-MI DVB S 5120 3/4 Russia 24 MPEG-4/SD
OTR
Njira yoyamba +7h GoSTcrypt
Mwangozi!
Mtengo wa 3786R T2-MI DVB-S2 Njira 5 + 7h MPEG-4
15284 3/4 Russia K+7h /SD
Carousel + 8h
TV Center Siberia
Russia 24
OTR
Russia 1 GoSTcrypt
3818 R N2 MI DVB S2 Russia 24 MPEG-4
5120 34 OTR SD
Russia 1+8h GoSTcrypt
3822 L T2-MI DVB-S2 Russia 24 MPEG-4
5120 3/4 OTR SD
Russia 1 GoSTcrypt
Mtengo wa 3833R T2-MI DVB-S2 Russia 24 MPEG-4
5130 3/4 OTR SD
Russia 1 GoSTcrypt
Mwangozi! GoSTscript
Njira yoyamba +8h
3903 L T2-MI DVB-S2 NTV + 7h MPEG4
15285 3/4 Njira 5 + 7h SD
Russia K+7h
Carousel + 7h
TV Center Far East
Russia 24
OTR
Russia 1+3h GoSTcrypt
Chithunzi cha 3980 RT2-MI DVB-S2 Russia 24 + 3h MPEG
5130 3/4 OTP +3h 4SD
Russia 1 GoSTcrypt
Mtengo wa 3986R T2-MI DVB-S2 Russia 24 MPEG-4
5120 3/4 OTR SD
Russia 1 GoSTcrypt
Mtengo wa 4001R T2-MI DVB-S2 Russia 24 MPEG-4
51303/4 OTR SD
Russia 1 GoSTcrypt
Mtengo wa 4038R T2-MI DVB-S2 Russia 24 MPEG4
51303/4 OTR SD
Russia 1 GoSTcrypt
DVB-S2 Russia 24 MPEG-4
5130 3/4 OTR SD
DVB-S2 5130 3/4 Russia 1 MPEG-4/SD
Russia 24
OTR
Njira yoyamba +7h GoSTcrypt
Mwangozi! GoSTcrypt
NTV + 7h
DVB-S2 Njira 5 + 7h MPEG-4
15282 3/4 Russia K+7h SD
TV Center Far East
Carousel
Russia 24
OTR

Gulu lakale kwambiri la ma satelayiti Yamal 401 pa 90º amawongolera mphamvu yayikulu ya 51 dB kumadera apakati ndi Kum’mawa kwa Siberia. 0.9m tinyanga takwana apa. M’madera ena a CIS, 1.2 mamita awiri ndi ofunika kwambiri.

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